Friday, March 11, 2011

Hooked on the Horn of Plenty

82. What is one basic explanation for the Great Depression?
One basic explanation was overproduction by the farm and the factory. At this time, the supply was high while the demand wasn't as high.

83. Too much money was going into what? Instead of what?
Too much money was going into the hands of a few wealthy people who invested it in factories and other agents of production. Not enough was going into the salaries and wages of normal workers.

84. Another cause was the overexpansion of what? Which stimulated what?
Overexpansion of credit through installment plan buying over-stimulated production. This caused many consumers to dive in beyond their depth and stimulated in unemployment from the rise of new technologies.
85. What added to this burden of tough economic times?
The normal technological unemployment added to the burden of new labor saving machines.
86. What helped push America's economy further downward?
Economic anemia darkened an already "bleak" picture as Europe hadn't fully recovered from the Great War. America was actually pushed down by this due to a drying up of international trade.

87. What natural disaster made things worse in 1930?
A drought scorched the Mississippi Valley in 1930 as thousands of farms were sold at auction for taxes. Farm rental was spreading at an alarming rate.

88. What made the Depression a baffling wraith for Americans? In what ways did it challenge their most cherished assumptions and sense of identity?
The depression was a baffling wraith that they couldn't grasp in the sense that ragged individuals slept under old newspapers and 'Hoovervilles' were paper shantytowns. People fought over garbage cans and cooked whatever they could find in oil drums.

Next is Maria Jenkins

Tuesday, March 8, 2011

The Era of More, More, More: The Mass-Consumption Economy

With the help of Andrew Mellon (bottom [he's staring into your soul]), tax policies favored the rapid expansion of capital investment. Furthermore, it led to the support of new machines powered by cheap energy from new oil fields. These new machines increased the productivity of the laborer. A prime example of this would be the Assembly line made by Henry Ford in his Detriot plant. The industry that became the most popular was the automobile industry because not only was it not taking the energy on an animal but it was cheaply made so it was more accessible to the people and not considered a rich man's car. Now, American manufacturers turned their focus away from production and turned it to consumtion.Advertising became the focal pojnt of buying these industrial products with persuasion, ploy, and seduction. People became discontented with their original possessions and always clamored for more. In 1925, Bruce Barton published a best seller called The Man Nobody Knows which set forth a provocative thesis that Jesus was the greatest advertiser of all time and said that advertisers must study Jesus's parables and that he had twelve assistance that he picked up from the bottom of business and forged them to head a conquering organization, Christianity. Personally, I think this was teetering on the line of BLASPHEMY!!!Sports began to become a large part of the consumer economy as two famous new sports emerged: baseball and boxing. In baseball, one man arguably brought baseball to where it is today and his name is Babe Ruth who is known for building the New York Yankees into a baseball powerhouse (unfortunately) and was famous for all the home runs he hit. He is still know for hitting home runs as he currently is second on the all time list of home run hitters behind Hank Aaron (this list excludes cheaters). In boxing, Jack Dempsey is known for bringing that sport to the states when he took the heavyweight title from Georges Carpentier of France. Events started to amass up to over $1 million.Buying on credit was considered smart during the roaring twenties because they believed that they should possess now and pay tomorrow. The frugality of Puritan descendants went away as new appliances came out such as refrigerators (below), vacuum cleaners, cars, and radios. However, the economy was put at risk to a stock market crash.

Wednesday, March 2, 2011

The Betrayal of Great Expectations

59. According to the text's authors, the United States would have been well advised if they had forthrightly assumed its war-born responsibilities and had embraced the role of global leader proffered by the hand of destiny. The United States would have then been able to shape future events, but they instead permitted to drift toward a second world war.60. The three principles of Wilsonianism are the era of American isolation from world affairs has irretrievably ended, the US must infuse its own founding political and economic ideas (democracy, rule of law, trade, and self determination) into the international order, and American influence can eventually steer the world away from rivalry and warfare toward a cooperative and peaceful international system (UN).

Tuesday, March 1, 2011

Progressive Era Foreign Policy

Panama Canal Tolls Act (1912): This exempted American coastwide shipping from tolls and provoked sharp protests from other Imperialist powers such as Britain. This was repealed two years later by Wilson.

Jones Act (1916): It granted territorial status to the Philippines and the promise of independence as soon as a stable government was established (7/4/1946).

Progressive Era Conservation Use Acts

Desert Land Act (1877): Federal government sold rich arid land cheaply on the condition that the purchaser irrigate the thirsty soil within three years.Forest Reserve Act (1891): The president was authorized to set aside public forests as national parks and other reserves. The effect was 46 million trees being saved.
Carey Act (1894): This distributed federal land to the states on the condition that it be irrigated and settled. Newlands Act (1902): Washington was authorized to collect money from the sale of public lands in the western states and use the funds for the development of irrigation projects.

Progressives believed that these lands should not be wasted but saved for the future of America. So, they weren't like Muir who was a treehugger but not industrialists either.

New Federal Agencies

Women's & Children's Bureau: Two federal bureaus (Children's in 1912 and woman's in 1920) that gave female reformers and those speaking against child labor a national stage for social investigation and advocacy. This was part of women's movements in the areas of suffrage, factory rights, and temperance.Federal Trade Commission (1914): President appojnted a commission to tack monopolies and it uprooted unfair trade factons of adulterations, mislabeling, bribery, unlawful competition, and false advertisement. Federal Reserve (1913): Established a federal reserve board appointed by the president and it oversaw twelve regional banks. They issued federal reserve notes from paper that increased circulation.Federal Farm Loan Act (1916): This made credit available to farmers at low rates of interests. This was exactly what the Populists wanted.

16th 17th 18th 19th Ammendments

16: Congress enacted a graduated income tax beginning with a modest levy on incomes over $3000. This led to an increase in revenue, shooting over the tariff.

17: Plutocratic members of the Senate were unhappy with existing methods as a numbers of states established primary elections in which voters chose senate. Local legislatures found it better to directly vote for the senate and this ammendment established direct election of the US senate in 1913.

18: This prohibited all alcoholic drinks which accomplished the goal of the reformers who wanted a dry nation, which was difficult for some groups that had alcohol as part of cultural life.

19: Women's Suffrage or their right to vote after almost 150 years of waiting.

Protecting Workers

While in office, Woodrow Wilson made progressive reforms to help the American workers.
La Follette Seamen's Act of 1915: This required decent treatment and a living wage on American merchant ships. Though sailors received more rights, the American merchant marine was crippled and freight rates spiraled up along with the crew's wages.
Workingmen's Compensation Act of 1916: This granted assistance to federal civil service employees during periods of disability.
These acts helped Wilson gain popularity with Progressives and business people.

Anti-Trust

Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890: Forbade combinations in restraint of trade without any distinction between good and bad trusts. However, it proved ineffectives because it contained legal loopholes in which lawyers of big corporations could wiggle through.

Clayton Anti Trust Act of 1914: Much stronger than Sherman's Act of 1890 by lengthening 'objectionable' business practices such as price discrimination and interlocking directorates. In addition to that, it conferred long overdue benefits on labor. It sought to exempt labor and agricultural organizations from antitrust persecution, while legalizing strikes and peaceful picketing.

Food Safety

Large American meatpackers had been shut out of most European markets because jealous small packinghouses claimed that their elder brother was tainted. At the same time, the American consumers demanded for safer canned products.
Meat Inspection Act of 1906: This decreed that the preparation of meat shipped over state lines would be subject to federal inspection for every food. Large packing industries accepted it as an opportunity to drive out smaller companies while recieving a seal of approval from the government.


Pure Food & Drug Act of 1906: Designed to prevent the adulteration and mislabeling of foods and pharmaceuticals.

Railroad Acts

Before 1903, the Interstate Commerce of 1887 proved feeble in regulating the railroad industry and barons could appeal the commission's decisions on rates to the federal courts.

Elkins Act of 1903: This was aimed at the rebates. Heavy fines could be imposed on the railroads that gave rebates and the shippers that accepted them.



Hepburn Act of 1906: Free passes were severely restricted, existing rates were nullified, and maximum rates were stipulated in the hands of the Interstate Commerce Commission.

These railroad acts were a building block for President Theodore Roosevelt to exert his big stick over other large businesses and try to reduce their power.